---
title: GraphState (v1.1)
description: API reference for qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState in qiskit v1.1
source: https://eu-de.quantum.cloud.ibm.com/docs/en/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState
---

# GraphState

*class* `qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState(adjacency_matrix)`

[GitHub](https://github.com/Qiskit/qiskit/tree/stable/1.1/qiskit/circuit/library/graph_state.py#L22-L86)

Bases: [`QuantumCircuit`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.QuantumCircuit "qiskit.circuit.quantumcircuit.QuantumCircuit")

Circuit to prepare a graph state.

Given a graph G = (V, E), with the set of vertices V and the set of edges E, the corresponding graph state is defined as

$$
|G\rangle = \prod_{(a,b) \in E} CZ_{(a,b)} {|+\rangle}^{\otimes V}
$$

Such a state can be prepared by first preparing all qubits in the $+$ state, then applying a $CZ$ gate for each corresponding graph edge.

Graph state preparation circuits are Clifford circuits, and thus easy to simulate classically. However, by adding a layer of measurements in a product basis at the end, there is evidence that the circuit becomes hard to simulate \[2].

**Reference Circuit:**

![../\_images/qiskit-circuit-library-GraphState-1.png](https://eu-de.quantum.cloud.ibm.com/docs/images/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit-circuit-library-GraphState-1.avif)

**References:**

**\[1] M. Hein, J. Eisert, H.J. Briegel, Multi-party Entanglement in Graph States,**

[arXiv:0307130](https://arxiv.org/pdf/quant-ph/0307130.pdf)

**\[2] D. Koh, Further Extensions of Clifford Circuits & their Classical Simulation Complexities.**

[arXiv:1512.07892](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1512.07892.pdf)

Create graph state preparation circuit.

**Parameters**

**adjacency\_matrix** ([*list*](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#list) *| np.ndarray*) – input graph as n-by-n list of 0-1 lists

**Raises**

[**CircuitError**](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/circuit#qiskit.circuit.CircuitError "qiskit.circuit.CircuitError") – If adjacency\_matrix is not symmetric.

The circuit prepares a graph state with the given adjacency matrix.

## Attributes

### ancillas

A list of `AncillaQubit`s in the order that they were added. You should not mutate this.

### calibrations

Return calibration dictionary.

The custom pulse definition of a given gate is of the form `{'gate_name': {(qubits, params): schedule}}`

### clbits

A list of `Clbit`s in the order that they were added. You should not mutate this.

### data

The circuit data (instructions and context).

**Returns**

a list-like object containing the [`CircuitInstruction`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.CircuitInstruction "qiskit.circuit.CircuitInstruction")s for each instruction.

**Return type**

QuantumCircuitData

### global\_phase

The global phase of the current circuit scope in radians.

### instances

Default value: `196`

### layout

Return any associated layout information about the circuit

This attribute contains an optional [`TranspileLayout`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.transpiler.TranspileLayout "qiskit.transpiler.TranspileLayout") object. This is typically set on the output from [`transpile()`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/compiler#qiskit.compiler.transpile "qiskit.compiler.transpile") or [`PassManager.run()`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.transpiler.PassManager#run "qiskit.transpiler.PassManager.run") to retain information about the permutations caused on the input circuit by transpilation.

There are two types of permutations caused by the [`transpile()`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/compiler#qiskit.compiler.transpile "qiskit.compiler.transpile") function, an initial layout which permutes the qubits based on the selected physical qubits on the [`Target`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.transpiler.Target "qiskit.transpiler.Target"), and a final layout which is an output permutation caused by [`SwapGate`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.library.SwapGate "qiskit.circuit.library.SwapGate")s inserted during routing.

### metadata

Arbitrary user-defined metadata for the circuit.

Qiskit will not examine the content of this mapping, but it will pass it through the transpiler and reattach it to the output, so you can track your own metadata.

### num\_ancillas

Return the number of ancilla qubits.

### num\_captured\_vars

The number of real-time classical variables in the circuit marked as captured from an enclosing scope.

This is the length of the `iter_captured_vars()` iterable. If this is non-zero, [`num_input_vars`](#qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.num_input_vars "qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.num_input_vars") must be zero.

### num\_clbits

Return number of classical bits.

### num\_declared\_vars

The number of real-time classical variables in the circuit that are declared by this circuit scope, excluding inputs or captures.

This is the length of the `iter_declared_vars()` iterable.

### num\_input\_vars

The number of real-time classical variables in the circuit marked as circuit inputs.

This is the length of the `iter_input_vars()` iterable. If this is non-zero, [`num_captured_vars`](#qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.num_captured_vars "qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.num_captured_vars") must be zero.

### num\_parameters

The number of parameter objects in the circuit.

### num\_qubits

Return number of qubits.

### num\_vars

The number of real-time classical variables in the circuit.

This is the length of the `iter_vars()` iterable.

### op\_start\_times

Return a list of operation start times.

This attribute is enabled once one of scheduling analysis passes runs on the quantum circuit.

**Returns**

List of integers representing instruction start times. The index corresponds to the index of instruction in `QuantumCircuit.data`.

**Raises**

[**AttributeError**](https://docs.python.org/3/library/exceptions.html#AttributeError) – When circuit is not scheduled.

### parameters

The parameters defined in the circuit.

This attribute returns the [`Parameter`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.Parameter "qiskit.circuit.Parameter") objects in the circuit sorted alphabetically. Note that parameters instantiated with a [`ParameterVector`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.ParameterVector "qiskit.circuit.ParameterVector") are still sorted numerically.

**Examples**

The snippet below shows that insertion order of parameters does not matter.

```python
>>> from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter
>>> a, b, elephant = Parameter("a"), Parameter("b"), Parameter("elephant")
>>> circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)
>>> circuit.rx(b, 0)
>>> circuit.rz(elephant, 0)
>>> circuit.ry(a, 0)
>>> circuit.parameters  # sorted alphabetically!
ParameterView([Parameter(a), Parameter(b), Parameter(elephant)])
```

Bear in mind that alphabetical sorting might be unintuitive when it comes to numbers. The literal “10” comes before “2” in strict alphabetical sorting.

```python
>>> from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter
>>> angles = [Parameter("angle_1"), Parameter("angle_2"), Parameter("angle_10")]
>>> circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)
>>> circuit.u(*angles, 0)
>>> circuit.draw()
   ┌─────────────────────────────┐
q: ┤ U(angle_1,angle_2,angle_10) ├
   └─────────────────────────────┘
>>> circuit.parameters
ParameterView([Parameter(angle_1), Parameter(angle_10), Parameter(angle_2)])
```

To respect numerical sorting, a [`ParameterVector`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.ParameterVector "qiskit.circuit.ParameterVector") can be used.

```python
>>> from qiskit.circuit import QuantumCircuit, Parameter, ParameterVector
>>> x = ParameterVector("x", 12)
>>> circuit = QuantumCircuit(1)
>>> for x_i in x:
...     circuit.rx(x_i, 0)
>>> circuit.parameters
ParameterView([
    ParameterVectorElement(x[0]), ParameterVectorElement(x[1]),
    ParameterVectorElement(x[2]), ParameterVectorElement(x[3]),
    ..., ParameterVectorElement(x[11])
])
```

**Returns**

The sorted [`Parameter`](/docs/api/qiskit/1.1/qiskit.circuit.Parameter "qiskit.circuit.Parameter") objects in the circuit.

### prefix

Default value: `'circuit'`

### qubits

A list of `Qubit`s in the order that they were added. You should not mutate this.

### name

Type: `str`

A human-readable name for the circuit.

### qregs

Type: `list[QuantumRegister]`

A list of the `QuantumRegister`s in this circuit. You should not mutate this.

### cregs

Type: `list[ClassicalRegister]`

A list of the `ClassicalRegister`s in this circuit. You should not mutate this.

### duration

Type: `int | float | None`

The total duration of the circuit, set by a scheduling transpiler pass. Its unit is specified by [`unit`](#qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.unit "qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.unit").

### unit

The unit that [`duration`](#qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.duration "qiskit.circuit.library.GraphState.duration") is specified in.